What is Jewish mysticism?
Mysticism is
the striving for the experience of oneness with all that is, with God.
Mysticism is universal and may be found in all cultures and civilisations.
Jewish mysticism is the mysticism of the Jewish people. It is often expressed
in Hebrew or related languages, and almost always draws its literary inspiration
from the Hebrew Bible, and therefore, frequently takes the form of comments
or discussions on the meaning and interpretation of Scriptural texts. (This
makes much of Jewish mystical literature tough going for many people. But
keep at it! It repays the effort.)
But if mysticism
is universal, what claims can we make for Jewish mysticism? Is it important
for everyone or just for Jews? I believe deeply that spiritual experience
is open to every person, regardless of their level of learning or cultural
background. I believe that all religions are attempts to come to grips
with the same problems that all human beings face in life: How to live?
How to die? What to believe? How to face tragedy? Ultimately, all stem
from the spiritual experiences of their founders and adherents. But the
way in which various cultures and religions have expressed their answers
are different from each other, and, because God is infinite, I cannot believe
that any one religion can have a monopoly on truth. Every truth that can
be expressed by human beings must be finite, because we are finite,
and therefore, every human truth can, at best, be only partially true.
And therefore, Jewish mysticism cannot contain all truth. I study other
types of mysticism and spirituality from time to time, and have learned
much from doing so, but I believe that Jewish mysticism has a great deal
to teach the world.
Historically,
Jewish mysticism has produced a number of schools and inspired individuals
over the centuries. In the early Christian centuries there was a school
modern scholars call the Merkavah (Chariot) mystics. Later, an anonymous
genius wrote the text called Sefer Yetzirah, the Book of Formation, while
in the middle ages there were several schools: the Hasidei Ashkenaz, the
mystical pietists of Germany; the Kabbalah, which came to the fore in Provence
and Spain; a philosophical/Sufi-influenced school inspired by the great
Maimonides. Later still, the Ba'al Shem Tov inaugurated the modern Hasidic
movement in Ukraine. Each of these schools had their own ideas and techniques,
but they often existed side by side within the same communities, not without
conflict occasionally perhaps, but together enriching our understanding
of life and God. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses, but each has
something to teach us, if we can open our hearts and minds to receive their
message.
What does this
variety of schools teach us? That truth is not simple. That there are no
once-and-for-all answers to the ultimate questions. That each generation,
each individual must strive to find their own truths. This, I believe,
is the Jewish path to mysticism. A path of study, thought and personal
exploration.
In an age of
ever-greater global integration, Jewish mysticism teaches mutual respect
for differing views.
Or, to put it
another way, I don't believe in systems, only in experiences that lead
to insights, and insights that lead to wisdom. The systems of the past
can only be pointers to that which is beyond our limited perspective. We
have to do our own exploring.
Will it solve all my problems?
Many extravagant
claims have been put forward by adherents of one or another Jewish mystical
school, especially for Kabbalah and certain Hasidic sects. Some suggest
that studying a particular text (usually the Zohar) will bring self-fulfilment
and an escape from doubt and anxiety. Others suggest that adherence to
a particular group and set of behavioural norms will bring similar benefits.
Perhaps these things work for some people.
But we live
in an age of individualism. For better or for worse, most of us feel the
need to find our own way. The teachings of an ancient text, or membership
in a particular group, may, or may not, speak to us, but only we can solve
our own problems.
Nevertheless,
I believe that Jewish mysticism can teach us to understand our problems
differently. It can sensitize us to their spiritual connotations and help
us open our minds to a higher understanding of our time on earth and our
role in the spiritual history of humanity.
Can Jewish mysticism
solve all my problems? The short answer is: no. But it can help you gain
a wider and deeper perspective on them, and that in turn may lead to finding
solutions, or at least, ways of living with, your problems.